iOS gilt als ein sicheres Betriebssystem. Nicht nur der Nachrichtendienst iMessage ist verschlüsselt. Allgemein ist es für die Sicherheitsbehörden schwer, Zugang zu einem iPhone zu bekommen. Das wurde schon öfter kritisiert, weshalb Apple immer wieder aufgefordert wird, Hintertüren für die Geheimdienste einzubauen. Da sich der kalifornische Hersteller immer gegen solche Hintertüren ausgesprochen hat, möchte ein amerikanische Richter diese nun erzwingen.
Mit iOS 8 hat Apple seinen Nutzern die Möglichkeit gegeben, ihr iPhone zu verschlüsseln. Dieser Funktion hat sich auch ein Ehepaar bedient, welches im Dezember 2015 14 Menschen in San Bernardino, USA, getötet hat. Das Paar soll Teil der Terrororganisation Islamischer Staat (IS) sein. Das Paar kam bei einem Schusswechsel ums Leben. Nun versucht das FBI über das iPhone 5C des Mannes an Informationen zu kommen. Aufgrund der starken Verschlüsselungsmechanismen von Apple ist dies jedoch nicht möglich. Daraufhin hat ein US-Richter in Los Angeles am Dienstag beschlossen, dass Apple eine Software entwickeln muss, welche es dem FBI ermöglicht, sämtliche Sicherheitsmechanismen zu umgehen. Seit Einführung von iOS 8 gibt es die Debatte bereits, da der Hersteller den Sicherheitsbehörden keinerlei Zugriff auf iPhones und iPads ermöglicht.
Laut dem Richter soll die Software ausschließlich bei dem betroffenen iPhone eingesetzt werden. Allerdings besteht die Gefahr, dass eine solche Software in Zukunft immer öfters gefragt sein und deshalb zu Schwachstellen führen könnte. Apple soll nun einen Drei-Punkte-Plan umsetzen.
- Nach zehn fehlgeschlagenen Passworteingaben löscht sich das iPhone selbst – sofern der Nutzer diese Funktion aktiviert hat. Diese Einstellung muss der Hersteller nun umgehen.
- Das FBI möchte das Kennwort durch einen Brute-Force Angriff knacken. Dies ist nur möglich, wenn die Passwörter nicht direkt über den Touchscreen eingegeben werden müssen.
- Die Verzögerungsfunktion, welche, nach mehrmaliger Falscheingabe, ein Timeout einstellt, soll ebenfalls deaktiviert werden können.
Apple soll jetzt eine Software entwickeln, welche von den Beamten auf das iPhone aufgespielt werden kann. Sie soll nicht das Betriebssystem verändern oder die komplette Sicherheitsarchitektur aushebeln. Das FBI scheint wohl auch an einer finanziellen Unterstützung dieser Entwicklung interessiert zu sein. Sollte diese Software wirklich entwickelt werden, könnte das FBI eine Brute-Focre Attacke starten. Dabei geht eine Software einfach alle Zahlenkombinationen durch, bis das iPhone entsperrt ist. Bei einem 6-stelligem Zahlencode wäre das in ca. 22 Stunden erledigt. Bei einer Kombination aus Zahlen und Wörtern könnte das gerne euch rund zehn Jahre dauern.
Bereits vor dem Fall hat der Apple-Chef Tim Cook sich gegen solche Hintertüren ausgesprochen. Zwar könnten diese der Aufklärung von Straftaten helfen. Auf der anderen Seite können Hintertüren von Hackern ausgenutzt werden, was Apple auf keinen Fall eingehen will. Deshalb hat der Konzern in einer Stellungnahme bereits angekündigt, nicht auf die Forderungen einzugehen. Wenn Apple eine solche Software entwickeln würde, wäre die Gefahr viel zu groß, dass diese in falsche Hände gerät. Denn diese Software wäre dann nicht nur in der Lage das betroffene iPhone, sondern komplett alle iOS Geräte zu knacken. In einem offenen Brief verspricht Tim Cook, dass es eine solche Software niemals geben wird. Wir sind gespannt, ob Apple das Versprechen halten kann. Hier der offene Brief im Wortlaut:
„A Message to Our Customers
The United States government has demanded that Apple take an unprecedented step which threatens the security of our customers. We oppose this order, which has implications far beyond the legal case at hand.
This moment calls for public discussion, and we want our customers and people around the country to understand what is at stake.
The Need for Encryption
Smartphones, led by iPhone, have become an essential part of our lives. People use them to store an incredible amount of personal information, from our private conversations to our photos, our music, our notes, our calendars and contacts, our financial information and health data, even where we have been and where we are going.
All that information needs to be protected from hackers and criminals who want to access it, steal it, and use it without our knowledge or permission. Customers expect Apple and other technology companies to do everything in our power to protect their personal information, and at Apple we are deeply committed to safeguarding their data.
Compromising the security of our personal information can ultimately put our personal safety at risk. That is why encryption has become so important to all of us.
For many years, we have used encryption to protect our customers’ personal data because we believe it’s the only way to keep their information safe. We have even put that data out of our own reach, because we believe the contents of your iPhone are none of our business.
The San Bernardino Case
We were shocked and outraged by the deadly act of terrorism in San Bernardino last December. We mourn the loss of life and want justice for all those whose lives were affected. The FBI asked us for help in the days following the attack, and we have worked hard to support the government’s efforts to solve this horrible crime. We have no sympathy for terrorists.
When the FBI has requested data that’s in our possession, we have provided it. Apple complies with valid subpoenas and search warrants, as we have in the San Bernardino case. We have also made Apple engineers available to advise the FBI, and we’ve offered our best ideas on a number of investigative options at their disposal.
We have great respect for the professionals at the FBI, and we believe their intentions are good. Up to this point, we have done everything that is both within our power and within the law to help them. But now the U.S. government has asked us for something we simply do not have, and something we consider too dangerous to create. They have asked us to build a backdoor to the iPhone.
Specifically, the FBI wants us to make a new version of the iPhone operating system, circumventing several important security features, and install it on an iPhone recovered during the investigation. In the wrong hands, this software — which does not exist today — would have the potential to unlock any iPhone in someone’s physical possession.
The FBI may use different words to describe this tool, but make no mistake: Building a version of iOS that bypasses security in this way would undeniably create a backdoor. And while the government may argue that its use would be limited to this case, there is no way to guarantee such control.
The Threat to Data Security
Some would argue that building a backdoor for just one iPhone is a simple, clean-cut solution. But it ignores both the basics of digital security and the significance of what the government is demanding in this case.
In today’s digital world, the “key” to an encrypted system is a piece of information that unlocks the data, and it is only as secure as the protections around it. Once the information is known, or a way to bypass the code is revealed, the encryption can be defeated by anyone with that knowledge.
The government suggests this tool could only be used once, on one phone. But that’s simply not true. Once created, the technique could be used over and over again, on any number of devices. In the physical world, it would be the equivalent of a master key, capable of opening hundreds of millions of locks — from restaurants and banks to stores and homes. No reasonable person would find that acceptable.
The government is asking Apple to hack our own users and undermine decades of security advancements that protect our customers — including tens of millions of American citizens — from sophisticated hackers and cybercriminals. The same engineers who built strong encryption into the iPhone to protect our users would, ironically, be ordered to weaken those protections and make our users less safe.
We can find no precedent for an American company being forced to expose its customers to a greater risk of attack. For years, cryptologists and national security experts have been warning against weakening encryption. Doing so would hurt only the well-meaning and law-abiding citizens who rely on companies like Apple to protect their data. Criminals and bad actors will still encrypt, using tools that are readily available to them.
A Dangerous Precedent
Rather than asking for legislative action through Congress, the FBI is proposing an unprecedented use of the All Writs Act of 1789 to justify an expansion of its authority.
The government would have us remove security features and add new capabilities to the operating system, allowing a passcode to be input electronically. This would make it easier to unlock an iPhone by “brute force,” trying thousands or millions of combinations with the speed of a modern computer.
The implications of the government’s demands are chilling. If the government can use the All Writs Act to make it easier to unlock your iPhone, it would have the power to reach into anyone’s device to capture their data. The government could extend this breach of privacy and demand that Apple build surveillance software to intercept your messages, access your health records or financial data, track your location, or even access your phone’s microphone or camera without your knowledge.
Opposing this order is not something we take lightly. We feel we must speak up in the face of what we see as an overreach by the U.S. government.
We are challenging the FBI’s demands with the deepest respect for American democracy and a love of our country. We believe it would be in the best interest of everyone to step back and consider the implications.
While we believe the FBI’s intentions are good, it would be wrong for the government to force us to build a backdoor into our products. And ultimately, we fear that this demand would undermine the very freedoms and liberty our government is meant to protect.
Tim Cook“ (Quelle: Apple)
Quelle Bild:Wolter / Bigstockphoto